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The mice were then switched to an isoflavone-free diet - and their tumours regressed over the following nine weeks.. Other weak aspects of the population sample characterisation are given by a lack of stratification by ethnicity and equol-producers. From the data obtained, diet isoflavones do not seem to have a direct effect on fertility, whether positive or negative. Currently, data are insufficient to assess the effect of early-stage soy exposure on fertility-related outcomes. Finally, the authors made a detailed assessment of confounders (diet, ethnicity, age and BMI). Although this clinical trial showed the long-term effect of soy ingestion on serum hormone levels, it was a pilot study with a limited number of participants (fourteen premenopausal women). Furthermore, considering soy as a mere source of isoflavones is extremely reductive. Any later it delays ovulation. The estrogen-like effects of isoflavones underlie concerns about soy and fertility. This could have introduced other confounding factors such as the influence of male on couple's fertility or possible changes in habits caused by the desire to conceive. In two studies, women having fertility treatment took part in research looking at the amount of soya they ate, and whether that affected the success of their treatment. The evaluation at two different times of menstrual cycle allowed to discriminate the effect between luteal and follicular phases but not day by day hormonal fluctuations. DPO you got your BFP: 14dpo. In the ten women who participated in the second study(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady29), there were no significant changes in the levels of luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. The authors responsibilities were as follows: G. R. study conception and drafting the manuscript. From the general linear model of the analysis of covariance, the intervention with soy reduced free androgen index (0020005 v. +0010005, P<0001), total testosterone (01005 v. +01005ng/ml, P=0008) and increased SHBG levels (+4008 v. 1408nmol/l, P<0001) compared with placebo (adjusted for baseline values). Furthermore, diet and energy intake were not investigated and sampling was not well-timed to menstrual cycle. Four clinical trials were found among search engines results: two longitudinal pilot studies(Reference Romualdi, Costantini and Campagna34,Reference Haudum, Lindheim and Ascani46) and two interventional studies with a parallel design, both conducted in Iranian populations(Reference Khani, Mehrabian and Khalesi35,Reference Jamilian and Asemi43) . Soy supplementation also appears to affect thyroid function in an inconsistent manner, as studies have shown both increases and decreases in the same parameters of thyroid activity. Soy can contain numerous other phytochemicals such as saponins, phytosterols, phytic acid, non-isoflavone flavonoids, peptides, protease inhibitors and other bioactive substances. The adjustment for male partner intake of soy in the subgroup analysis did not change the association. The researchers found that the isoflavones resulted in increased cell growth. Recently, the anti-Mllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations have proved to be a useful tool for predicting female fertility, especially because it is independent of the cycle phase(Reference Dewailly and Laven48). The limitations of these studies have already been discussed in the previous paragraph. Participants recruited were seeking for pregnancy and this could have been a source of confounders. However, among fertile individuals, it may have a neutral effect, as discussed in the previous paragraphs. The purpose of this review is to collect currently available data in literature, summarising the possible interaction between soy, soy foods and components of soy (in particular isoflavones) on aspects concerning women's fertility and related outcomes. (As part of this process, a group of eggs matures so that one will be ready for release during ovulation .) Higher soy products intake did not correlate with the rate of infertility. Phytoestrogens can modulate endogenous hormones at micromolar concentrations by influencing the expression of the enzymes cytochrome P450 19 aromatase (Cyp19), 17-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17-HSD) and 3-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HSD), steroid sulfatases (STS) and sulfotransferases (SULTs), enzymes of steroid biosynthetic pathway(Reference Rice and Whitehead80Reference Whitehead and Rice82). A. F. contributed to drafting and revising the manuscript. We have twins in the family and I like the thought, so a natural remedy would be nice :) "Isoflavones are polyphenolic compounds that are capable of exerting estrogen-like effects. The beneficial efficacy of soy is often attributed to the presence of isoflavones, capable of mitigating the excesses of endogenous estrogens, through the competition with estrogen receptors or by the activation of receptors, in the presence of low levels of endogenous estrogens. The deleterious effects of these compounds, as metabolites of clover isoflavones, were first documented in 1946 by Bennetts and co-workers studying New Zealand ewes expressing clover disease, an infertility syndrome ( Bennetts, Underwood, & Shier, 1946 ). In addition, no significant changes in progesterone, LH or SHBG were found in the whole study sample. Six grams per day of black soybean powder were administered to the intervention group, whereas thirty-four individuals received no treatment as a control group. From obtained data, it seems likely that soy consumption, not only in the form of isoflavones in pharmacological quantities, could have a beneficial effect on fertility, especially in those individuals with fertility problems. Recently, in a prospective study by Levine et al., 326 American women eumenorrheic aged 1840 were followed for 12 months or until pregnancy(Reference Levine, Kim and Purdue-Smithe45). Unfortunately, the work of Kohama et al. This aspect was different from the results of the clinical trials with high intakes listed above, perhaps due to very different intakes (mean isoflavone consumption of 34mg/d in this cohort). Zhang, Yuehui WHAT IS IT? Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism randomized 70 women with PCOS into two groups to take either 50 mg/d soy isoflavones or a placebo for 12 weeks. In the first study, the authors administered soy milk to six American women aged 2229 for 1 month, comparing outcomes with baseline(Reference Lu, Anderson and Grady26). The significant inverse association between dietary isoflavone intake and live births (3% reduction, 95% CI 0, 7, P=005) was highlighted. However, in multiple regression analysis, this reduction seemed to be significantly associated with the intake of genistein and daidzein or their concentration in urine. The ethnicity assessment of participants was useful in identifying, as might be expected, a greater consumption of soy foods by Asian individuals. The diagnosis of PCOS occurs in the presence of at least two of the three Rotterdam Criteria: oligo or anovulation, polycystic ovary morphology and biochemical or clinical hyperandrogenism(Reference Pfieffer67). The possible correlation between menstrual cycle length and soy does not seem convincing either. After the intervention period, four patients became pregnant and twelve patients showed ovulation improvements based on ultrasonography (P<005). The standard guidelines for Clomid are to take it either on cycle days 3-7 or 5-9. Fig. 4 Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. Fig. Jacobsen and colleagues included 11688 American women aged 3050 years of age who participated in Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)(Reference Jacobsen, Jaceldo-Siegl and Knutsen38). The present paper aims to conduct a review of available data on the effect of soy, soy foods and soy components on women's fertility and related outcomes. The influence of high-dose of isoflavones on fertility emerging from the studies is difficult to be transferred to other groups of individuals with other ethnicity or different treatments. However, after removing data from studies with elevated bias risk, three studies were included in the sensitivity analysis with consequent loss of statistical significance. These also included non-soy derived phytoestrogens, such as lignans. If we eat soy, do we keep the beneficial effects of the Mediterranean diet? Studies have also shown that soybeans contribute towards lower levels of cholesterol, less risk of heart disease, breast cancer, and osteoporosis and fewer menopausal symptoms. A slight increase of approximately 1d (MD: 105, 95% CI 013, 197) was seen compared with the control, with no significant effects in the length of luteal and follicular phases. These clinical trials had several strengths including the presence of a placebo group, randomisation, double-blinding and recruitment of a wide number of participants. Overall, soy and soy components consumption do not seem to perturb healthy women's fertility and can have a favourable effect among subjects seeking pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on soy effect on women's fertility. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis, Neither soy nor isoflavone intake affects male reproductive hormones: an expanded and updated meta-analysis of clinical studies, The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration, Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement, Stimulatory influence of soy protein isolate on breast secretion in pre- and postmenopausal women, Effects of soya consumption for one month on steroid hormones in premenopausal women: implications for breast cancer risk reduction, Decreased serum estradiol concentration associated with high dietary intake of soy products in premenopausal Japanese women, Effects of soy foods on ovarian function in premenopausal women, Decreased ovarian hormones during a soya diet: Implications for breast cancer prevention, Exposure to soy-based formula in infancy and endocrinological and reproductive outcomes in young adulthood, High dose of phytoestrogens can reverse the antiestrogenic effects of clomiphene citrate on the endometrium in patients undergoing intrauterine insemination: a randomized trial, Phytoestrogens may improve the pregnancy rate in in vitro fertilizationembryo transfer cycles: a prospective, controlled, randomized trial, The effect of soybeans on the anovulatory cycle, Is there a role for soy isoflavones in the therapeutic approach to polycystic ovary syndrome? Soy consumption is supposed to have protective effects against cardiovascular disease by cholesterol-lowering and blood pressure improvement action and in the prevention of cancer or diabetes and it also supports bone health and the management of menopause symptoms(Reference Ding, Pan and Manson2Reference Mosallanezhad, Mahmoodi and Ranjbar8). Put simply, most of the evidence indicates that isoflavones do not adversely affect men's fertility. hasContentIssue true, Proposed mechanisms of isoflavones action, This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence (, Copyright The Author(s), 2022. Jamilian and colleagues in 2016 conducted another parallel clinical trial on seventy Iranian women with PCOS, using 50mg/d of soy isoflavones for a 1-month follow-up(Reference Jamilian and Asemi43). Correction for covariates included demographics, education, income, lifestyle, dietary and behavioural factors. FSH levels were not significantly changed after genistein intervention. Nevertheless, these studies often suffer difficulties in evaluating individual effectiveness as well as in identifying possible confounding factors and population characteristics (ethnicity, health conditions, equol-competence, etc.).

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